Table 14.3 characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system – Table 14.3 provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, two crucial components of the autonomic nervous system. These systems play opposing roles in regulating various bodily functions, maintaining homeostasis and adapting to changing conditions.
The sympathetic nervous system, responsible for the “fight or flight” response, prepares the body for action, while the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for the “rest and digest” response, promotes relaxation and recovery.
Characteristics of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions. They have opposing effects on various organs and systems, maintaining homeostasis and adapting to changing conditions.
Characteristics of the Sympathetic Nervous System
| Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters | Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| Target organs | Heart, lungs, blood vessels, digestive tract |
| Effects on body functions | Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates pupils, inhibits digestion, and increases metabolism |
Characteristics of the Parasympathetic Nervous System, Table 14.3 characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
| Characteristic | Description |
|---|---|
| Neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine |
| Target organs | Heart, lungs, digestive tract, bladder |
| Effects on body functions | Decreases heart rate and blood pressure, constricts pupils, stimulates digestion, and decreases metabolism |
Comparison of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
- Similarities:
- Both are branches of the autonomic nervous system.
- Both regulate involuntary bodily functions.
- Both have neurotransmitter receptors on target organs.
- Differences:
- Neurotransmitters: Sympathetic uses norepinephrine, while parasympathetic uses acetylcholine.
- Target organs: Sympathetic targets the heart, lungs, and blood vessels, while parasympathetic targets the digestive tract and bladder.
- Effects on body functions: Sympathetic generally increases activity, while parasympathetic generally decreases activity.
Regulation of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
The hypothalamus and other brain structures regulate the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. When the body senses stress, the sympathetic system is activated, preparing the body for a “fight or flight” response. When the stress subsides, the parasympathetic system is activated, promoting “rest and digest” functions.
Query Resolution: Table 14.3 Characteristics Of The Sympathetic And Parasympathetic Nervous System
What are the key neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Which organs are primarily targeted by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, and digestive tract
How does the body regulate the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Through the hypothalamus and other brain structures, which receive feedback from the body and adjust the activity of these systems accordingly
